Tuesday

US Doctor Gave Boy, 4, Cannabis Cookies for Temper

US Doctor Gave Boy, 4, Cannabis Cookies for Temper

A California doctor is fighting for his licence after he prescribed cannabis cookies to a four-year-old boy.

Dr William Eidelman, a natural medicine physician, said small doses of marijuana would help control the child's temper tantrums.

The doctor misdiagnosed the child with bipolar disorder and attention deficit disorder (ADD).

A board of state regulators labelled him "grossly negligent" for failing to consult a psychiatrist.

The boy's father consulted Dr Eidelman in September 2012 because his son was misbehaving at school.

The doctor recommended small amounts of the drug, which was revealed when the school nurse was asked to give the boy his cannabis cookies at lunchtime.

The board did not seek to revoke the doctor's licence because he prescribed cannabis to a child, but because he was "negligent in his care and treatment".


Dr Eidelman has appealed against the ruling, made on 4 January, and said he will continue to practise. His lawyers said he had won a suspension of the revocation, pending a future hearing.

Medicinal cannabis usage has been legal in California since 1996, and Dr Eidelman estimates that he has recommended the drug to thousands of patients.

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Fitness Trackers 'Overestimate' Calorie Burning


Popular brands of fitness trackers can overestimate the number of calories burned while walking by more than 50%, tests have found.

Researchers at Aberystwyth University found all products - ranging from £20 to £80 in price - were inaccurate during walking and running tests.

Dr Rhys Thatcher said devices had an "inherent tendency" to over-measure.
Fitbit said its product was based on "extensive research", but others said theirs were "not medical devices".

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The tests, carried out for the BBC X-Ray programme, measured the amount of oxygen a volunteer used during ten minute walking and running sessions on a treadmill, before comparing it to the various fitness trackers.

The Fitbit Charge 2, which is the best selling fitness tracker on the market, was very accurate in testing calories burned while running, underestimating by 4%. But when measuring walking, it overestimated by more than 50%.

Cheaper devices - the Letscom HR and the Letsfit - underestimated the number of calories burned while running by 33% and 40% respectively.

But both were far more accurate in the walking test. The Letscom overestimated by 15.7% while the Letsfit was only 2% above the official measurement.

"If you want to know the exact number of calories that you are burning during an exercise session then it doesn't matter which device you use, you have to interpret the data with some caution," Dr Thatcher said.

He added the inaccuracies were not important if they were being used as a motivational tool or to track progress.

Fitbit said it was confident about the performance of its product.

Letscom and Letsfit said their devices depend on data such as height and stride for accuracy and are not scientific devices, giving only estimations.

X-Ray is on BBC One Wales at 19:30 GMT on Monday 28 January.

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Video: Keeping Your Family Healthy During Flu Season


Flu season may not be here yet, but there are preventive measures you can take now. Always wash your hands with soap and water; cough or sneeze into your upper sleeve, not your hands; eat well and get plenty of rest.

And most important, before flu season even starts, get a flu shot. Remember, you can't get the flu from the flu shot. Watch this public service announcement to learn more.



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Wednesday

Differences in GP Access Across England 'Shocking'

Differences in GP Access Across England 'Shocking'

The variation in the availability of GPs in different parts of England is shocking, doctors' leaders say.

A BBC analysis has found close to a threefold difference between the areas with the most and fewest doctors.

In one area - Swale in Kent - there is only one GP for every 3,300 patients, while in Rushcliffe in Nottinghamshire it is just under one for every 1,200.

The Royal College of GPs said the shortages put care at risk, but NHS chiefs said issues were being tackled.

More doctors are being trained and community services have been made a priority for investment under the 10-year plan announced earlier this month.

Millions miss out on seven-day GP access.

Have waits for GP appointments got longer?

However, RCGP chairwoman Prof Helen Stokes-Lampard said none of that addressed the urgent problems the profession was facing.

She said the differences in the number of GPs was "shocking" and "surprising".
"It suggests there are areas of the country that are really struggling to get the GPs they need.

"Over the past decade, general practice has not received the investment it needs."

She believes the health service in England is 6,000 doctors short of what it needs - it currently has just over 34,000 - and the problems meant care was "not safe" in some places.

Patients Association chief executive Rachel Power said the findings were "worrying".
She said as well as risking safety, shortages also meant "increased difficulty in securing an appointment, and longer waits".

Which areas have the fewest GPs?

The analysis looks at the number of patients per GP in each local NHS area - known as clinical commissioning groups.

It shows a threefold difference between the areas with the most GPs and least.

Worst areas (patients per GP)
  • Swale: 3,342
  • Horsham and Mid Sussex: 2,997
  • Bradford City: 2,587
  • Thanet: 2,520
  • Bexley: 2,479
  • Best areas (patients per GP)
  • Rushcliffe: 1,192
  • Camden: 1,227
  • Liverpool: 1,283
  • North Derbyshire: 1,286
  • Corby: 1,369
Could there be valid reasons for the differences?

There is no official recommendation for how many patients a GP should have.

That is because the demand each patient places on their GP is different.

Older patients, young children or people with long-term conditions, such as diabetes, will need to see their GPs more than others.

If a doctor has a lot of these patients on their books, they will not be able to cope with as many patients.

That could be behind some of the differences that are being seen, but not all, the RCGP said.

Is the situation getting worse?

The data provided by NHS Digital only goes back to 2015.

In that time it shows the number of GPs being employed has fallen slightly while their patient population has increased.

For the average GP this means their caseload has increased by nearly 80 patients to 1,734.

NHS bosses believe that will improve in the coming years.

What is being done to tackle the problem?

NHS England is increasing the proportion of the budget spent on general practice in a bid to recruit 5,000 more GPs.

There are signs that is beginning to have an impact. A few years ago one in 10 training places were going unfilled.

But last year they were all filled - in fact extra places were opened up as 3,400 people went into training.

The RCGP warned this will take some time to have an impact, given the number of years it takes to train a doctor.

The college would like to see more incentives to encourage doctors to work in areas where there are shortages.

In the past, "golden hellos" worth £20,000 have been used to attract GPs to some areas.

A spokesman for NHS England also pointed out that there were thousands of nurses, pharmacists and other health staff working alongside GPs and, with the extra investment being made in the NHS, these staff would help "free up extra resource for GP services in every community".

Data analysis by Clara Guibourg.

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Have Researchers Found a New Risk Factor for Schizophrenia?

Have Researchers Found a New Risk Factor for Schizophrenia?

Scientists have located an intriguing link between schizophrenia and the Epstein-Barr virus, a type of herpes virus. Now, they need to determine which way the risk lies.

A new study may have found another environmental risk factor linked to schizophrenia. Schizophrenia, a condition characterized by a confused perception of reality, delusions, and altered behavior, affects more than 21 million people globally.

In a new study, specialists from Johns Hopkins Medicine in Baltimore, MD, and the Sheppard Pratt Health System in Townson, MD, found evidence that links schizophrenia with the Epstein-Barr virus.

This is a herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis, or glandular fever.
As the scientists report in a paper published in the Schizophrenia Bulletin, they saw higher levels of antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus in the bodies of those with schizophrenia than in those of people without any mental health conditions.

The higher level of antibodies suggests exposure to the virus, but it is unclear which way the risk runs - that is, whether infection with the Epstein-Barr virus renders people more vulnerable to schizophrenia, or whether schizophrenia impacts the immune system and exposes people to infections.

"We are interested in the role of infectious agents such as Epstein-Barr virus in schizophrenia and other serious psychiatric disorders, so we did this study to look at the associations," says senior study author Dr. Robert Yolken.

A link between schizophrenia and infection?

Research has identified certain genetic risk factors for schizophrenia, but it has also recognized the possibility that some environmental factors - including exposure to infections - can raise schizophrenia risk.

In the new study, the scientists worked with 743 participants, of whom 432 had schizophrenia and 311 had no mental health problems (the control group). Around 55 percent of the cohort was male.

Dr. Yolken and colleagues compared the levels of antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus in the participants with schizophrenia with those of participants in the control group.

They saw that people with schizophrenia were 1.7–2.3 times more likely than controls to have higher antibody levels against this herpes virus.

These participants did not have higher antibody levels against other types of infections, such as varicella (or chickenpox) or the herpes simplex type 1 virus, which is mainly transmitted orally (through kissing, for example).

'Unusal response to Epstein-Barr virus'

However, the researchers found that people with high genetic risk of schizophrenia and who also presented high levels of Epstein-Barr virus antibodies had an increased probability to pertain to the schizophrenia group - more than eight times higher, to be precise.

Also, among participants with schizophrenia, around 10 percent had both high levels of antibodies against this type of herpes virus and a higher genetic risk for schizophrenia, compared with only a little over 1 percent of the participants in the control group.

"We found that individuals with schizophrenia had an unusual response to Epstein-Barr virus. This indicated that the prevention and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus might represent an approach for the prevention and treatment of serious psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia." - Dr. Robert Yolken

The study did not seek to establish cause and effect relationships, but the researchers suggest that preventing infection with the Epstein-Barr virus may be helpful in the context of schizophrenia risk.

However, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have not yet approved any drugs for the treatment of this type of herpes virus. That said, researchers are currently studying some drugs with therapeutic potential.

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Mental Health: Tougher Checks Before Superdrug Botox


High street retailer Superdrug is to introduce tougher mental health checks before performing cosmetic procedures, following criticism by the NHS.

Prof Stephen Powis, the medical director of NHS England, said the injections risked fuelling mental health disorders - and the health service was left to pick up the pieces.

Superdrug started offering Botox and dermal fillers last year.

The retailer said it was "fully committed" to the issue.

High Street procedures

Botox is an injection of Botulinum toxin that relaxes muscles to temporarily hide lines and wrinkles.

Dermal fillers are injections under the skin that can fill skin creases or lead to bigger lips
NHS Choices: Botox and Dermal fillers

Superdrug's Skin Renew Service offers the cosmetic procedures to people over the age of 25, surgeons have criticised the company for treating Botox and fillers as "casual beauty treatments" on a par with having a wax.

The NHS is concerned about the impact on people who are mentally ill, including with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), in which people are fixated on what they think are flaws in their appearance.

The BDD Foundation says body dysmorphia can be a crippling illness and severely impair someone's life.

Woman's Botox party warning after lip filler swelling

Prof Powis wrote to Superdrug's chief executive, saying the company could do more to protect people who were seeking treatment because they were mentally unwell, or might have a mental health disorder triggered by treatment.

Prof Powis said: "Pressures on young people's mental health are greater than they ever have been, with families and the health service too often left to pick up the pieces.

"The lack of tough checks on cosmetic surgery means that the public is dependent on businesses taking voluntary steps to get their house in order, leaving people avoidably exposed to dangerous practices."

Superdrug said it already performs an hour-long consultation before cosmetic procedures take place and these include a mental health assessment.

The company said it would now ask specific questions about Body Dysmorphic Disorder:

"We remain fully committed to including recommended protections for mental health. We met with the NHS to ensure we have the highest safety standards and quality of patient care."

People fixate

Alana, who has BDD, told Radio 4's Today programme that prior to being treated for the condition she would "beg and plead" with her parents to access plastic surgery and cosmetic procedures.

The 22-year-old believes that it would have been a "real issue" for her if these procedures had been available on the high street at the time.

Kitty Wallace, a trustee with the BDD Foundation, said fewer than 10% of patients with BDD were satisfied with the results of their cosmetic procedures.

She said: "It is important that these measures are in place to protect such individuals from potentially damaging and unnecessary procedures.

"Although their anxiety might reduce temporarily, they will often find themselves fixating on another part of their body that they want to change.

"We commend that Superdrug will be screening for the disorder, and referring people who are positive to their GP and Mind."

The foundation has its own questionnaire, which asks questions about how much people fixate on their appearance and how much it affects their day-to-day life.

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Study Shows How Herpes Viruses and Tumours Have Learned to Manipulate the Same Ancient RNA

Study Shows How Herpes Viruses and Tumours Have Learned to Manipulate the Same Ancient RNA
Findings Could Have Implications for Drugs and Insight Into Diseases Like Alzheimer's

Herpes viral infections use the ancient genetic material found in the human genome to proliferate, mimicking the same process tumours have been found to manipulate, Mount Sinai researchers have shown for the first time. These observations provide further insight about how herpes viruses can manipulate the immune system in ways that may drive neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, according to the study, published in Nature Communications in January.

The researchers found that herpes viruses appear to manipulate an ancient RNA species that originated several million years ago, called human satellite II RNA (HSATII RNA). HSATII RNA is normally inactive, but both herpes viruses and cancer cells have essentially learned to activate it, using this RNA to manipulate their environment to help them invade the body and grow.

The researchers believe that both viruses and cancer cells figured out how to use this RNA because they both rapidly evolve to test out different strategies to multiply and spread within the body over time. Researchers have yet to understand whether herpes and cancer came upon this strategy coincidentally or whether they work hand in hand in some cases. Several researchers involved in this work pioneered the study of how a different type of RNA affects tumor evolution.

"The evolution of tumours can teach us about viruses and vice versa, and understanding one system may help us treat the other," said one of the study's senior authors, Benjamin Greenbaum, PhD, Assistant Professor of Oncological Sciences, Pathology, and Medicine (Hematology and Medical Oncology) at The Tisch Cancer Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. "The HSATII RNA induction seen in herpes infections and cancer cells suggests possible convergence upon common mechanisms in these seemingly disparate diseases."

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The study potentially gives further insight into how herpes viruses might play a role in developing colitis and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. It is the first step toward potentially developing diagnostic tools that look for these types of RNAs in cancer and herpes patients and using the ancient RNAs as targets for drugs in the future, said Dr. Greenbaum.

The lead author of the study was Maciej Nogalski, PhD, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the laboratory of co-senior author Thomas Shenk, PhD, James A. Elkins Professor of Life Sciences in the Department of Molecular Biology at Princeton University.

"Herpes viruses have been extensively studied for many years, but once again by investigating host-virus interactions at the cellular level we were privileged to get insights into novel regulatory mechanisms of human cells. Our virus-centered studies not only uncovered interesting aspects of viral infection, but also provided an inducible system that could accelerate investigations about possible roles HSATII RNA plays in other diseases," Dr. Nogalski says.

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Researchers Identify Multiple New Subtypes of Most Common Childhood Cancer

Researchers Identify Multiple New Subtypes of Most Common Childhood Cancer
Like cartographers completing a map, investigators have identified multiple new subtypes of the most common childhood cancer - research that will likely improve the diagnosis and treatment of high-risk patients. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital scientists led the study, which appears as an advance online publication today in the journal Nature Genetics.

Researchers used integrated genomic analysis, including RNA sequencing, to define the genomic landscape of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) in almost 2,000 children and adults. B-ALL is the most common form of ALL and the most common cancer in children. B-ALL remains the leading cause of pediatric cancer death.

Investigators identified 23 subtypes of B-ALL, including eight new subtypes, with distinct genomic and clinical features as well as outcomes. Subtype prevalence often varies with age. More than 90 percent of B-ALL cases can now be categorized by subtype compared with 70 percent a few years ago.

"B-ALL has remarkable molecular diversity, which we and others have used to refine classification and drive the development of precision medicines to improve B-ALL treatment and outcomes," said corresponding author Charles Mullighan, MBBS, M.D., a member of the St. Jude Department of Pathology. "Part of precision medicine is an accurate molecular diagnosis, which this study provides to more patients."

A novel subtype-defining alteration

Alterations of the transcription factor gene PAX5 defined two new subtypes, including PAX5 P80R, as the first lymphoblastic leukemia initiated by a point mutation. "While secondary mutations are necessary and often involve kinase signaling, we show this point mutation impairs development of B lymphoid cells and promotes development of B-ALL in mice," Mullighan said.

The other PAX5 subtype, PAX5-altered, was defined by diverse alterations in the gene, including sequence mutations or rearrangements with one of 24 other genes. Together the PAX5 subtypes accounted for almost 10 percent of the previously uncategorized cases of B-ALL.

The new subtypes include a high-risk variety of B-ALL that occurs primarily in adults. It is defined by rearrangement of the transcription factors BCL2 with MYC or BCL6. "This subtype has a dismal diagnosis," Mullighan said. "Recognition of this subtype-defining rearrangement may lead to alternative therapy for patients." In contrast, a subtype defined by rearrangement of the gene DUX4 was associated with a good prognosis in adults, as had previously been observed in children.

Tracking gene expression

The study demonstrated the capability of RNA sequencing to identify multiple types of genomic alterations, highlighting the utility of this technique for leukemia diagnosis, particularly when whole-genome sequencing is not available. Examples in this study included chromosomal rearrangements resulting in fusion genes, gene-expression profiles and other alterations.

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"Through this study, two-thirds of the previous uncharacterized B-ALL patients could be classified into different subtypes with distinct genetic alteration profiles and clinical features," said co-first author Zhaohui Gu, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in the Mullighan laboratory. "That may substantially speed up the development of customized treatments for these patients.

"We also established a robust B-ALL classification pipeline based mainly on RNA sequencing data that may be integrated into clinical diagnosis of ALL," Gu said.

"As a clinician, these data describing the diversity of subtypes of B-ALL will allow us to refine our prognostic abilities for individual patients, and ultimately, will lead to the development of new targeted therapies that will more effectively treat the leukemia with fewer side effects," said co-author Mark Litzow, M.D., professor of medicine at the Mayo Clinic and chair of the Leukemia Committee, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group and the American College of Radiology Imaging Network, which contributed to the study.

Additional subtypes revealed

The other newly identified subtypes include:

* NUTM1 gene rearrangement with different partner genes that researchers believe may be vulnerable to treatment
* HLF gene rearrangement to multiple genes, including TCF4 as well as the previously recognized partner TCF3.
* Three subtypes that share patterns of gene expression similar to those of established B-ALL subtypes. The classification suggests that the new subtypes, ETV6-RUNX1-like, KMT2A-like and ZNF384-like, have risk profiles and prognoses similar to the established subtype for which they are named.
* Additional subtypes driven by sequence mutations, including IKZF1 N159Y.

Previous work from St. Jude and the Children's Oncology Group TARGET initiative have shown IKZF1 (Ikaros) mutations to be a marker of high risk B-ALL.

The study included patients from St. Jude, the COG and adult cancer cooperative studies.

Patient samples of many of the B-ALL subtypes are available to the international scientific community through the St. Jude data portal PROPEL (Public Resource of Patient-derived and Expanded Leukemias). PROPEL makes patient-derived leukemia xenograft samples available free of charge to researchers with no obligation to collaborate.

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Overstretched 'Sandwich Carers' Trying to Help Parents and Children

Overstretched 'Sandwich Carers' Trying to Help Parents and Children
An exhausted, overstretched generation of carers, are in need of emotional support themselves, say researchers. A report from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) says more than a quarter of such "sandwich carers" are suffering from depression or stress.

"Sandwich carers" look after their elderly parents and their children.
There are 1.3 million people in the UK with such multi-generational caring responsibilities, say researchers, with many feeling ignored and undervalued.

The ONS says the numbers in this "sandwich" generation, often in their 40s and 50s, are being increased by a combination of longer life expectancy and women tending to have children later in life.

But the report warns of the hidden pressures being carried by these mid-life carers - with warnings that they can be worn down emotionally, physically and financially.
The majority of carers in this "sandwich generation" are women - and almost half of these women feel that they cannot work as many hours as they would like.

One in three sandwich carers say that financially they are "just about getting by".
For those with more than 20 hours per week of caring, the ONS says a third are experiencing some kind of mental health problems, which might be stretched out over many years.

They risk becoming isolated, running out of money and being constantly under pressure - while trying to juggle between responsibilities of care, work and their own relationships.

What's it like?

Sarah, a 52-year-old mother of five children, lives in London, where she looks after her mother-in-law, who has dementia.

The work of carers is "completely undervalued," she says.

In fact, she says it makes her angry when in questionnaires carers are categorised as "not working", when they never stop working, often to the detriment of their own health.

Even though this affects a "massive number of people", Sarah says much of this huge and unrelenting responsibility goes by without being recognised.
"There is no spare time at all and you can get very tired," she says.

Sarah says she has a good network of support around her, but there is still a residual sense of guilt about whether she is spending enough time with her children or her mother-in-law, as she tries to stretch herself across helping all of them.

'Lose touch with friends'

The people who are often most neglected are the carers themselves, and she says it would be easy for someone to get "unwell".

"You can lose touch with friends, when it's hard to see people," she says.

Going out together as a family becomes difficult and holidays become limited, at a time in life when people might be expecting to enjoy some travelling.

Sarah says it is important to resist the "feeling of horizons being limited".

"You could easily feel that your life is getting narrower."

Her mother-in-law had previously lived alone in Dorset, and Sarah says that created another set of pressures, needing hours of travel, sometimes at short notice.
But she says it is worth it and feels that it is the right thing to do - but Sarah says that there needs to be much more openness about the stress and struggles facing so many people in her generation.

'So exhausted'

Catherine, aged 61, living in Cheshire, helps her 89-year-old mother at the same time as caring for her daughter, who has cerebral palsy.

The emotions can be a "roller coaster", she says, with some very low dips, such as if there are problems with navigating the care system.

A big practical problem, she says, is the shortage of reliable carers and the difficulties created when there are interruptions and gaps in staff available.

Catherine says she has sometimes spent a fortnight as the sole carer, through nights and days.

"I couldn't speak in full sentences, I was so exhausted," she said.

She says that other people are not "heartless", but they fail to see the extent to which carers can be trapped and unable even to get out of their house.

Even simple things like going for a walk have to be planned, Catherine says.

Carers find their own release from stress, she says, and in her own case she says that she "knits, knits, knits", as a hobby.

"Good friendships" have been very important to her, she says, otherwise people can become very isolated and feel all the weight on their shoulders.

But she warns that carers can sometimes feel excluded and neglected by neighbours who might be "afraid of saying the wrong thing".

She says that caring has its own lessons - and she has learned to "live in the moment" and enjoy what she can.

"How many other people get pleasure from getting out to the supermarket?" says Catherine.

'Time-poor and stressed'

This is a growing problem for a "time-poor and stressed" generation, says Helen Walker, chief executive of the Carers UK charity.

As well putting pressure on health and wellbeing, it is also tough on those balancing being a carer with their own jobs.

The charity estimates that about two million people have left work as a result, with consequences for their finances and careers.

Both Sarah and Catherine spoke of the difficulties in having to negotiate the care and health support system for their relatives, and Carers UK says getting the right care for the elderly is often tougher than getting childcare.

"With the social care system under extreme pressure, additional stress is being placed on families who are trying to juggle children, work and older relatives," says Ms Walker.

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Monday

New Findings Bring About Better Understanding Of Many Cancers' Metabolic Needs

New Findings Bring About Better Understanding Of Many Cancers' Metabolic Needs
Scientists at the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA have discovered that squamous cell skin cancers do not require increased glucose to power their development and growth, contrary to a long-held belief about cancer metabolism.

The findings could bring about a better understanding of many cancers' metabolic needs and lead to the development of more effective therapies for squamous cell skin cancer and other forms of epithelial cancer.

The research, led by senior authors Heather Christofk and Bill Lowry, was published in the journal Nature Communications.

A fundamental doctrine of cancer metabolism theory is that cancer cells are glycolytic, meaning they consume more glucose and produce more lactate than normal cells. This metabolic shift, called aerobic glycolysis, or the Warburg effect, has been observed in thousands of experiments and inspired treatments that aim to stop tumor growth by preventing cancer cells from increasing their glucose consumption. To date, this treatment approach has not proven successful in clinical trials.

Considering these clinical limitations, Christofk and Lowry set out to examine if increased glucose consumption is truly indispensable to cancer formation and growth.

They decided to approach this problem using squamous cell skin cancer as a model, as they had made two key discoveries about the nature of this cancer in recent years.

In 2011, they determined that squamous cell skin cancer, which forms in the thin, flat cells found on the surface of the skin - can originate from hair follicle stem cells. Hair follicle stem cells produce hair throughout a person's lifetime and remain mostly inactive, but spring to action during a new hair cycle, which is when new hair growth occurs. In 2017, the pair found that hair follicle stem cells are glycolytic and ramp up their glucose consumption to quickly activate and produce hair follicles.

"These findings led us to question: Are squamous cell skin cancer cells glycolytic because they are cancer cells that altered their metabolism to fuel their rapid growth, or because the cells they originated from - hair follicle stem cells - were glycolytic?" said Lowry, a professor of molecular, cell and developmental biology.

To answer this question, the team studied the progression of squamous cell skin cancer in animal models whose hair follicle stem cells had been genetically modified to limit their glucose consumption. Specifically, they de-activated a gene called lactate dehydrogenase-a, which catalyzes the final step in a cell's process of converting glucose to lactate. Deactivating this gene prevented this final step from taking place, which in turn caused the cells to dramatically reduce their glucose consumption.

The change had no effect on cancer incidence or progression. When faced with insufficient glucose for their increased needs, the cancer cells in this model simply altered their metabolism to derive energy from the amino acid glutamine.

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"These findings suggest that tumors are metabolically flexible and can use nutrients other than glucose to fuel growth," said Christofk, an associate professor of biological chemistry and molecular and medical pharmacology. "Understanding all of the nutrients cancers use for growth is critical to developing drugs that can successfully target cancer's metabolism".

The team double-checked their findings by conducting a converse experiment using hair follicle stem cells that had been genetically modified to increase glucose consumption. If their initial finding was incorrect, stimulating glucose consumption would make the tumors grow faster - it did not.

"The cells still formed cancer, but they didn't do so any faster and it wasn't any more serious," said Aimee Flores, a postdoctoral fellow in Lowry's lab and a first author of the study. "The behavior and progression of the disease was quite similar to the disease observed in the model with reduced glucose consumption".

As a next step, the team will conduct experiments to determine if reducing the consumption of both glucose and glutamine can stop the growth of squamous cell skin cancers.

"If limiting cancer's intake of both of these nutrients is shown to be effective, then that points to a path toward the clinic in the form of a combination therapy," said Lowry.
There is already some evidence that a combination therapy of this kind could treat squamous cell lung cancer. David Shackelford, an associate professor in the division of pulmonary and critical care medicine and a colleague of Christofk and Lowry's at the UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, found that squamous cell lung cancers metabolize glutamine when unable to increase their glucose consumption.

Shackelford and his collaborators - including Christofk -  also identified two drug candidates that, when used in combination, may stop the growth of squamous cell lung cancers by reducing the uptake of both of these nutrients.

Despite these encouraging findings, the road to bringing combination therapies for squamous cell cancers to humans is a long one, cautioned Lowry. "Every drug you add to a potential treatment carries its own risks and side effects, so identifying and testing combination therapies that will be both safe and effective in humans is a long and arduous process," he said.

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Air Pollution On The London Underground Is 30 Times Higher Than A Busy Road

Air Pollution On The London Underground Is 30 Times Higher Than A Busy Road
A new report by the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants has revealed that the air within the London Underground (or 'the Tube') is 30 times more polluted than the air surrounding London's busiest roads.

The report suggested that traveling the same by bus would expose passengers to only around one-third of the particulate matter (PM) present within the London Underground.

Researchers found that in general, the London Underground is the most polluted underground railway system in the world when compared to other subways. The reasons attributed for this include the age of the system and the extensive use of deep tunnels with inadequate air circulation.

The health effects of such high exposures are not clear at present, according to Committee Chairman Frank Kelly.

The report followed ten days of testing for PM performed at the deepest station in the LU, namely, Hampstead Station on the Northern Line.

The Committee's attitude towards the results was that further study was required to understand the implications, but implied that they were unlikely to be dangerous for commuters.

These particles are of a different nature from the ones above ground so we are uncertain about their health effects." - Professor Frank Kelly, Committee Chairman

The committee was appointed by Transport for London (TfL), which claims that dust levels within the Tube are carefully monitored.

We closely monitor dust levels on the Tube and, through a wide range of measures, ensure that particle levels are well within Health & Safety Executive guidelines."
Peter McNaught, TfL Director of Asset Operations.

McNaught pointed out that though the report found high PM levels in the tube, no guidelines were violated, making their effects uncertain.

McNaught finished by saying that TfL was determined to achieve the highest possible standards of air quality.

Tube particle pollution '30 times higher than by roads'.

Statement on the evidence for health effects in the travelling public associated with exposure to particulate matter in the london underground.

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Study Raises Hopes For New Approaches To Treat Osteoporosis

Study Raises Hopes For New Approaches To Treat Osteoporosis
A handful of brain cells deep in the brain may play a surprising role in controlling women's bone density, according to new research by UC San Francisco and UCLA scientists.

In a study published January 11, 2019 in Nature Communications, researchers showed that blocking a particular set of signals from these cells causes female (but not male) mice to build extraordinarily strong bones and maintain them into old age, raising hopes for new approaches to preventing or treating osteoporosis in older women.

"Our collaborators who study bone for a living said they'd never seen bone this strong," said study senior author Holly Ingraham, PhD. "Our current understanding of how the body controls bone growth can't explain this, which suggests we may have uncovered a completely new pathway that could be used to improve bone strength in older women and others with fragile bones".

More than 200 million people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis, a weakening of the bones to the point where falls or even minor stresses like bending over or coughing can trigger fractures. In healthy individuals, bone tissue is constantly being recycled -- old bone tissue is broken down and replaced by new bone. As we age, this cycle tilts in favor of bone loss, causing our bones to become increasingly porous and fragile.

Women are at particularly high risk of osteoporosis after menopause (nearly one in three post-menopausal women in the U.S. and Europe suffer from weakened bones) because of declining levels of the sex hormone estrogen, which normally promotes bone growth.

Estrogen plays many roles in the female body, particularly in the regulation of reproduction, but its function in the brain is still poorly understood. The Ingraham lab has long sought to understand how oestrogen's signaling in the brain impacts the female metabolism at different life stages, including how estrogen-sensitive neurons in a brain region called the hypothalamus balance energetic demands needed for survival or reproduction.

Their new study began when Stephanie Correa, PhD, then an Ingraham lab postdoctoral researcher and now an assistant professor at UCLA, found that genetically deleting the estrogen receptor protein in hypothalamic neurons caused mutant animals to gain a little weight, and also to become less active. Correa expected to find that the animals had put on extra fat or gained lean muscle, but these did not explain the difference. To find the source of the extra weight, she decided to use an extra-sensitive laboratory technique that could also reveal changes in bone density. To her surprise, she discovered that her heavy mice were truly just big-boned: the animals' bone mass had increased by as much as 800 percent.

"I was immediately struck by the size of the effect. The two groups didn't overlap at all, which I had never seen," Correa said. "We knew right away it was a game changer and a new, exciting direction with potential applications for improving women's health".

The mutant animals' extra-dense bones also proved to be super-strong. When collaborators such as UCSF's Aaron Fields, PhD, an assistant professor in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, tested the mechanical strength of these bones by crushing them, his equipment almost failed, Ingraham says.

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After Correa moved to UCLA, Ingraham lab postdoctoral fellows Candice Herber, PhD, and William Krause, PhD, spearheaded a series of experiments that zeroed in on a specific population of just a few hundred estrogen-sensitive brain cells - located in a region of the hypothalamus called the arcuate nucleus - which appeared to be responsible for these dramatic increases in bone density. The authors hypothesized that estrogen must normally signal these neurons to shift energy away from bone growth, but that deleting the estrogen receptors had reversed that shift.

Notably, interfering with arcuate estrogen signaling in male mice appeared to have no effect. "Most neuroscientists limit studies to male mice, and few study estrogen, which may explain why this had never been seen before," Ingraham said. "I've always been interested in how sex hormones make male and female brains different, and this is a really wonderful example of how dramatic those differences can be".

Further experiments showed that Ingraham and Correa's mutant animals maintained their enhanced bone density well into old age. Normal female mice begin to lose significant bone mass by 20 weeks of age, but mutant animals maintained elevated bone mass well into their second year of life, quite an old age by mouse standards.

Remarkably, Herber and Krause were even able to reverse existing bone degeneration in an experimental model of osteoporosis. In female mice that had already lost more than 70 percent of their bone density due to experimentally lowered blood estrogen, deletion of arcuate estrogen receptors caused bone density to rebound by 50 percent in a matter of weeks.

These results highlight the opposite roles played by estrogen in the blood, where it promotes bone stability, and in the hypothalamus, where it appears to restrain bone formation, Ingraham said. "We hypothesize that after puberty the estrogen system in the female brain actively shifts resources away from bone growth and towards things like reproduction, which could contribute to women's higher risk of weakened bones as we age".

The dramatic pattern of enhanced bone growth seen in the current study is unlike anything in the scientific literature, the researchers say, suggesting that Correa's fortuitous discovery may have uncovered a totally novel biological pathway by which the brain regulates bone density. Ingraham and colleagues are now investigating exactly how this brain-bone communication happens, and whether drugs could be developed to boost bone strength in post-menopausal women without potentially dangerous effects of estrogen replacement therapy.

"This new pathway holds great promise because it allows the body to shift new bone formation into overdrive," Correa said.

"I'm in the clouds about this result," Ingraham added. "If our next experiments show that the brain releases a novel circulating factor that triggers enhanced bone growth, we might have a real chance of developing a drug that counteracts osteoporosis".

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Excess Belly Fat May Lead To A Reduction In Gray Matter

Excess Belly Fat May Lead To A Reduction In Gray Matter
A study conducted by researchers at Loughborough University has found that excess abdominal fat is associated with a lower volume of gray matter in the brain.

Professor of exercise, Mark Hamer, and colleagues found that a higher body mass index (BMI), together with a higher waist-to-hip ratio, was linked to a lower gray matter volume, when compared to leaner individuals.

Interestingly, a higher BMI, together with an average waist-to-hip ratio, was not associated with any significant reduction in gray matter volume.

BMI is a general measurement of body weight compared to height, meaning taller individuals or those with more muscle mass may have a high BMI, even if they are lean. Abdominal fat, on the other hand, indicates how much visceral fat may be surrounding abdominal organs such as the liver and intestines. This visceral fat can have toxic effects by triggering inflammation that can drive conditions such as arthritis and heart disease.

As reported in the journal Neurology, Hamer and team studied brain images available for 9,652 people (aged an average of 55 years) who had their BMI and waist-to-hip ratios measured between 2006 and 2010. The subjects were enrolled in the UK Biobank study, which includes information from volunteers who regularly update their medical information.

A healthy BMI is defined as a score between 18.5 and 24.9, while a score of 30 or higher is defined as obese. The waist-to-hip ratio score is considered high and indicative of central obesity if it is above 0.90 for men and above 0.85 for women.

The researchers found that people who had a higher BMI combined with a higher waist-to-hip ratio had a lower grey matter volume (average of 785cm3) than individuals with a healthy BMI and waist-to hip ratio (average of 798 cm3). This effect was observed after adjustment for factors such as age, smoking history, physical activity, education level and a history of poor mental health.

However, people who had a higher BMI, but a healthy waist-to-hip ratio, had a similar gray matter volume to those with both a healthy BMI and waist-to hip ratio, at an average of 793cm3.

"The reductions in brain size increase in a linear fashion as fat around the middle grew larger", writes Hamer.

The results support the evidence that staying lean has beneficial health effects, not just by decreasing the risk of heart-related problems, but possibly by maintaining a healthy brain as well.

Hamer points to recently published research demonstrating how exercise can increase gray matter volume and may represent a way of counteracting some of the negative impacts obesity may have on the brain and body:

The take-home message is that being overweight and obese has a multitude of effects on health, so it's unsurprising that obesity is also going to have an effect on our brain health".

Professor Mark Hamer, Lead Researcher, Hamer, M., Batty D. G. 2019. Association of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio with brain structure. Neurology. Jan 2019.

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Saturday

New Method to Speed up Genetic Diagnosis of Huntington's Disease

New Method To Speed Up Genetic Diagnosis Of Huntington's Disease
Elongated segments of DNA cause Huntington's disease and certain other disorders of the brain. Researchers funded by the SNSF have developed a method to determine the length of the mutated genes quickly and easily.

People with Huntington's disease suffer from jerky body movements and decreasing mental abilities. The condition usually leads to death 15-20 years after diagnosis. The cause of the disease is a region in the Huntingtin gene that is longer than in healthy people. The mutation causes the destruction of brain cells.

Five-minute measurement

Determining the length of this gene involves tedious laboratory work and currently takes more than five hours. The team of Vincent Dion, holder of an SNSF professorship at the University of Lausanne, together with collaborators from Toulouse, have developed a reliable method for measuring the length of the responsible DNA region which produces a result within only five minutes. The whole diagnosis is thus speeded up more than three times.

For the analysis, the team extracts the DNA from blood cells, amplifies the concerned region and determines its size with a newly developed chip. The chip holds two small, funnel-shaped chambers a fraction of a millimetre wide. Voltage and pressure are applied to these chambers so as to separate the electrically charged DNA fragments according to their size. The smaller fragments are pushed down the funnel much more than the large ones. By adding a fluorescent dye, the researchers can easily detect the exact position of the fragments under a microscope and deduce their length.

The variable length of the DNA fragments is caused by a repetition of three nucleotides of the genetic code (CAG) - typical for trinucleotide diseases like Huntington's. The mutation leads to destructive changes in the encoded protein that are currently not fully understood, but the protein produced by the mutated gene is known to be toxic to brain cells. Healthy people have 35 or less of these repeats, whereas most patients have 40 or more. Knowing the exact size is important for forecasting and managing the incurable disease. "Our method is more sensitive and faster than the current methods", says Vincent Dion.

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The project was a collaboration with the group of Aurélien Bancaud from the Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes in Toulouse, who developed and patented the device. It is licensed out to the company Picometrics Technologies, which has developed the device under the name µLAS.

Cutting out the bad repeats

Huntington's disease is only one of over twenty known trinucleotide diseases. Others are spinocerebellar ataxia, fragile X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy and Friedreich's ataxia. Currently there is no treatment available for these hereditary diseases. A certain amount of hope is provided by Vincent Dion, who recently developed a method for shortening the fragments with a CRISPR-Cas-based approach. "It is, however, still a long way from this proof of concept in cell cultures to a potential medical application", says Vincent Dion.

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Researchers Think That It Might Be Possible To Predict Treatment Outcomes For Oesophageal Cancer

Researchers Think That It Might Be Possible To Predict Treatment Outcomes For Oesophageal Cancer
It's one of the first questions asked by many newly-diagnosed cancer patients - "What are my chances of beating this?" Often there is no clear answer, with survival rates differing widely depending on the cancer stage and available treatment options. However, post-operative testing that provides an accurate prediction of long-term treatment outcomes is the next best thing to a crystal ball, allowing clinicians to plan further treatment or follow-up strategies and more accurately inform patients about their prognoses.

But is this possible? Researchers in Japan think that it might be, at least for esophageal cancer patients. In a recent study published in Annals of Surgery, a team led by researchers at Osaka University retrospectively examined tissue specimens from 120 esophageal cancer patients following treatment, allowing them to both assess tumor characteristics and investigate how these related to long-term treatment outcomes.

Esophageal cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and, despite various treatment options, has a poor long-term prognosis. Most locally-advanced esophageal cancers are treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), which aims to increase the likelihood of successful curative surgery by reducing tumor size and eradicating systemic micro-metastases. Tissue specimens are usually examined after surgery to assess how a tumor has responded to chemotherapy treatment. However, standard methods do not map the remaining tumor cells to the different layers of the esophageal wall, and therefore provide an incomplete picture of treatment outcome.

The team hypothesized that there might be specific patterns of residual tumors after NAC, and that they might have different clinical implications for patients.

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The researchers therefore mapped the exact locations of residual tumors in the esophageal wall of patients after NAC and assessed whether tumor location was associated with clinicopathological parameters including specific oncological outcomes.

After NAC, they identified four tumor remnant patterns that are clearly different from those reported previously; the most common residual tumor pattern was a 'shallow type.' However, in approximately 40% of cases, tumor cells unexpectedly disappeared in the superficial (mucosal) layer of the esophageal wall, indicating that it would be difficult to diagnose whether or not tumor cells completely disappeared after NAC based only on an endoscopic mucosal biopsy.

When the team examined associations between these patterns and disease factors, including prognosis, they found that pattern types 3 and 4 had higher risks of pleural dissemination and distant metastases than types 1 or 2. These results shows that patients displaying patterns 3 or 4 should have more regular follow-up appointments than those with pattern types 1 or 2. Interestingly, survival was similar among the four groups.

According to lead authors Tadayoshi Hashimoto and Tomoki Makino, these findings have significant clinical implications. They explained that by determining the tumor remnant pattern from resected specimens and post-operative image examination, a personalized treatment plan for each patient can be developed. This customized approach is expected to significantly improve esophageal cancer treatment outcomes.

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Friday

Study Reveals How Much Fiber We Should Eat To Prevent Disease

Study Reveals How Much Fiber We Should Eat To Prevent Disease
A new meta-analysis examines 40 years' worth of research in an attempt to find out the ideal amount of fiber that we should consume to prevent chronic disease and premature mortality.

Whole grain cereals and fruit are excellent sources of fiber.

Researchers and public health organizations have long hailed the benefits of eating fiber, but how much fiber should we consume, exactly?

This question has prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to commission a new study. The results appear in the journal The Lancet.

The new research aimed to help develop new guidelines for dietary fiber consumption, as well as reveal which carbs protect the most against noncommunicable diseases and can stave off weight gain.

Noncommunicable diseases are also called chronic diseases. They typically last for a long time and progress slowly. According to WHO, there are "four main types of noncommunicable diseases:" cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes.

Professor Jim Mann, of the University of Otago, in New Zealand, is the corresponding author of the study, and Andrew Reynolds, a postdoctoral research fellow at Otago's Dunedin School of Medicine, is the first author of the paper.

Prof. Mann explains the motivation for the study, saying, "Previous reviews and meta-analyses have usually examined a single indicator of carbohydrate quality and a limited number of diseases, so it has not been possible to establish which foods to recommend for protecting against a range of conditions."

To find out, the researchers performed a meta-analysis of observational studies and clinical trials.

Daily intake of 25-29 grams of fiber is ideal

Reynolds and colleagues examined the data included in 185 observational studies - amounting to 135 million person-years - and 58 clinical trials which recruited over 4,600 people in total. The studies analyzed took place over almost 40 years.

The scientists investigated the incidence of certain chronic diseases, as well as the rate of premature deaths resulting from them.

These conditions were: coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, and a range of obesity-related cancers, such as breast cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, and prostate cancer.

Overall, the research found that people who consume the most fiber in their diet are 15–30 percent less likely to die prematurely from any cause or a cardiovascular condition, compared with those who eat the least fiber.

Consuming foods rich in fiber correlated with a 16-24 percent lower incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and colon cancer.

Fiber-rich foods include whole grains, vegetables, fruit, and pulses, such as peas, beans, lentils, and chickpeas.

The analysis also revealed that the amount of fiber that people should consume daily to gain these health benefits is 25–29 grams (g). By comparison, adults in the United States consume 15 g of fiber daily, on average.

The authors also suggest that consuming more than 29 g of fiber per day may yield even more health benefits.

However, they do caution that, while the study in itself did not find any adverse health effects of consuming fiber, eating too much of it may be damaging for people with insufficient iron or minerals.
Eating large amounts of whole grains can further deplete the body of iron, explain the researchers.
Finally, the clinical trials included in the study also revealed that consuming more fiber correlates strongly with lower weight and lower cholesterol levels.

Why fiber is so good for you

Prof. Mann comments on the significance of the findings, saying, "The health benefits of fiber are supported by over 100 years of research into its chemistry, physical properties, physiology, and effects on metabolism."

"Fiber-rich whole foods that require chewing and retain much of their structure in the gut increase satiety and help weight control and can favorably influence lipid and glucose levels," he adds.

"The breakdown of fiber in the large bowel by the resident bacteria has additional wide-ranging effects including protection from colorectal cancer."

"Our findings provide convincing evidence for nutrition guidelines to focus on increasing dietary fiber and on replacing refined grains with whole grains. This reduces incidence risk and mortality from a broad range of important diseases."
Prof. Jim Mann

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What are the Benefits of Royal Jelly?

What are the Benefits of Royal Jelly?
Royal jelly is a creamy white substance with a high nutrient content that young bees make to feed queen bee larvae. There are claims that it offers a range of health benefits, such as easing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and supporting wound healing.

Royal jelly is highly nutritious and may have antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties may be responsible for many of the health claims about royal jelly. People usually consume it orally or apply it directly to the skin.

Research suggests that certain nutrients in royal jelly are beneficial for health. However, there is little evidence that these benefits come specifically from royal jelly itself.

In this article, we examine the potential benefits of royal jelly and the science that supports these claims.

Nutrition

Royal jelly contains a high percentage of proteins and carbohydrates.
The nutritional content of royal jelly is a potential benefit in itself as the substance provides a range of essential nutrients that are necessary for good health. Royal jelly comprises:

* water (50 to 60 percent)
* proteins (18 percent)
* carbohydrates (15 percent)
* lipids (3 to 6 percent)
* mineral salts (1.5 percent)

There are small amounts of vitamins and minerals in royal jelly, including several types of vitamin B. It also contains some polyphenols, which are a type of plant-based chemical that is rich in antioxidants.

Menopause symptoms

Royal jelly may provide relief from the symptoms of menopause.

A 2011 study looked at the effect of a combination of four natural ingredients, including royal jelly, on menstrual symptoms. The researchers gave 120 women either a capsule containing the four ingredients or a placebo twice a day over 4 weeks.

The women in both groups noted a reduction in symptoms, but those who took the capsule had significantly better results than those in the placebo group.

A more recent study found that taking 150 milligrams of royal jelly daily over 3 months could help improve cholesterol levels in healthy postmenopausal women.

Premenstrual syndrome

Royal jelly may also be beneficial for people with premenstrual syndrome.
In a 2014 study, the investigators gave 110 participants either a royal jelly capsule or a placebo once every day over two menstrual cycles. The participants who took the royal jelly capsules had less severe premenstrual syndrome symptoms over the 2 months.

Wound healing

According to some research, royal jelly could speed up the process of wound healing.
The results of a laboratory study in the journal Nutrition Research and Practice showed that royal jelly might significantly increase the movement of fibroblasts to a wound. Fibroblasts are a type of cell that coordinates the process of wound healing.

Type 2 diabetes

There is some evidence that royal jelly may have benefits for people with type 2 diabetes.
In one study, 50 female participants with type 2 diabetes received either a 1-gram dose of royal jelly gel or a placebo once a day for 8 weeks.

The results indicated that taking royal jelly may lead to a reduction in the level of blood glucose. Lower glucose levels in the blood are beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes.
However, the researchers note that more studies with a larger number of participants are necessary.

Safety

If a person has excessive itching or hives after taking royal jelly, they should consult a doctor.

Royal jelly is a natural remedy, and, therefore, it is not subject to regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

In fact, there is no formal safety assessment of royal jelly by the FDA or any other regulatory body. As a result, the contents of royal jelly products may vary.

A report from the World Health Organization (WHO) says that it is possible for royal jelly to cause allergic reactions in some people. People with asthma or other allergies may have a higher risk of a reaction.

It is essential to consult a doctor if any of the following symptoms occur after taking royal jelly:

* hives
* excessive itching
* wheezing or other breathing problems
* digestive issues, such as abdominal pain or diarrhea
* dizziness or confusion
* nausea
* vomiting

Royal jelly may also interact with certain medications, such as blood pressure drugs. It is advisable to consult a doctor before taking royal jelly to avoid any harmful interactions.
How to use it

Royal jelly can come in different forms. It is possible to take royal jelly orally or to apply it directly to the skin.

The production of fresh royal jelly may result in a gel-like substance, but other types of royal jelly are freeze-dried. It can also come in powder form within a pill or capsule, which may contain other filler ingredients.

While there are no formal guidelines regarding dosage, it is vital to start with very small amounts of royal jelly. People should stop using royal jelly immediately if they have an allergic reaction.

Takeaway

There are very few high-quality studies on royal jelly, and much of the existing research is in animals. Far more research is necessary to determine whether or not these health claims are valid.

People may take royal jelly safely in moderate amounts, but they should stop using it immediately if there is any sign of a reaction.

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Is There A Link Between Garlic And HIV?

Is There A Link Between Garlic And HIV?
Garlic is a common ingredient that may lower blood pressure and reduce a person's risk of certain types of cancers. However, what does the research say what about garlic and HIV?

Can consuming garlic help people with HIV, or does it cause more harm?

The main compound in garlic is allicin. Garlic also contains other compounds, including diallyl polysulfides and ajoene.

In this article, we look at whether or not garlic affects the immune system in people with HIV. We also cover whether garlic interacts with HIV medications.

HIV and garlic

Garlic has antiviral properties that may benefit people with HIV. Some people claim that garlic can help fight HIV due to its antiviral properties, such as boosting the immune system.

HIV attacks T cells, which are a specific type of cell in the immune system. T cells fight viruses and tumor cells in the body. When HIV destroys T cells, it is harder to fight off infections.

A person with HIV is more prone to certain types of infections, including viruses. Such infections can become severe if a person has a weakened immune system.

Anything that may make the immune system stronger can be beneficial for people with HIV, which is why some people recommend garlic supplements.

One analysis published in the Journal of Immunology Research suggests that garlic may improve immune system function by stimulating the production of certain types of cells.
These cells include natural killer cells and macrophages, which help fight infections.

The general health benefits of garlic may also be beneficial for people with HIV. For example, according to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, some studies indicate that garlic may help lower cholesterol levels.

What does the research say?

One theory is that garlic has sulfur-containing amino acids that stimulate activity in the immune system and help fight infections.

A 2016 study published in The Journal of Nutrition indicates that T cells and natural killer cells could respond to diet modifications including garlic.

The study included adults aged 21–50. The scientists divided the participants into two groups. For 90 days during the cold and flu season, one group consumed 2.56 grams of garlic extract, and the other group consumed the placebo.

The researchers then assessed the T cell and killer cell function, along with self-reported illness. The results indicated that supplementation with garlic may improve immune cell function.

Boosting the immune system may help people with HIV stay healthy, but studies do not confirm that garlic can prevent infections specifically in people who have HIV.

Additional larger studies are needed to determine whether garlic can play a role in enhancing the immune systems of people with HIV.

The National Cancer Institute recognize that garlic may have some anticancer properties.
People with HIV are also more susceptible to certain types of cancer. Reducing the risk of cancer in people with HIV may improve the outlook in some cases.

In one systematic review and meta-analysis, scientists looked at 14 studies that analyzed the link between garlic consumption and colon cancer. Garlic consumption did not appear to lower the risk of colorectal cancer.

Also, studies that report a link to a reduction in the most common cancers associated with HIV are not available.

Garlic and HIV medication

Garlic supplements may interact with HIV medication.

Some studies indicate that garlic supplements affect the levels of certain antiviral medications that doctors prescribe to treat HIV.

For example, one systematic analysis of current research published in the International Journal of STD & AIDS indicates that some forms of garlic supplements can reduce the levels of certain antiviral medications.

It is worth noting that some studies that suggest a link between garlic and interference with HIV medications are several years old. However, these medications have changed and evolved over time.

Another study involved 77 women with HIV who self-reported their garlic supplement intake. The results showed that the short-term use of garlic supplements did not affect how often they took antiretroviral medications, their CD4 cell counts, or their viral load.

The compounds in garlic are complex. For example, allicin quickly changes into other chemicals. For this reason, researchers do not fully understand garlic's interaction with various HIV medications.

Risks and side effects

The best treatment varies depending on a person's overall health and other medical conditions they may have. Different HIV treatment regimens involve different classes of drug, some of which may interact differently with garlic.

For people with HIV who are considering taking garlic supplements, there are several questions to ask a doctor.

For example, it is vital to ask a doctor whether garlic supplements are safe to use with the medications a person is currently taking. It is also best to discuss the optimal dosage.
A discussion on the typical side effects of garlic is also needed. Garlic supplement side effects may include:

Since the side effects of garlic can sometimes include stomach upset, it can interfere with taking HIV medications or proper nutrition.

As with any supplement, it is essential to weigh the benefits against the risks.

The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not monitor the quality or safety of supplements, so it is vital to purchase them from a reputable supplier.

Summary

Researchers are still trying to determine the medicinal benefits of garlic. It is possible that garlic supplements may have some health benefits, but its effects on HIV and HIV treatment are currently unclear.

Some studies suggest that garlic supplements interfere with HIV medication, but other studies have not shown the same link.

Since evidence is not conclusive, people with HIV should always talk with their doctor before taking garlic supplements.

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